Unlike European modernism, which mostly revolved around private experience, modern Mexican art was an art of public exhortation.

Before the Mayor spoke yesterday, the Governor urged him in an unsually public exhortation to shake off his celebrated reserve.

So from the start of his reign, Mr. Gingrich has needed to be as masterly in the art of political deal-making as he is at public exhortation.

Moral suasion, in the form of public exhortation, was used to curb the bonuses paid to certain employees in the financial sector, without much success.

"We have used both public and private exhortations to make sure there is an American presence," Mr. Robertson said.

Mr. Gorbachev has responded to contradiction and uncertainty by raising the volume of public exhortation and by pushing the pace of change where resistance is poorly organized.

Some of Mr. Gorbachev's language of public exhortation is said to have been borrowed from Mr. Yakovlev's writings.

By 1970, the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children.

Mr. Clinton paid tribute to the parties who had brought the tobacco companies to the bargaining table through a combination of legal pressure and public exhortation.

But the diversions, the ones that strike some as frivolous, are as necessary as the private broodings and the public exhortations.