And the only strong prewar tradition is nationalism, a sense of Polishness."

Prussian political circles demanded end to tolerance of Polishness.

The German settlements were to be always concentrated to provide a "barrier" to Polishness.

Only when Poland has become settled as an open democratic society can Polishness be a question of citizenship, not blood or religion.

By his account, the capital he brought to these wanderings included not much money but ample reserves of empathy and Polishness.

For Geremek, Polishness denoted neither a biological community nor a blood lineage.

But he also knew that in the interwar period, the concept of "Polishness" was used as a tool of aggressive nationalism.

Although Hamtramck is now a more diverse community, hardly anyone on the street today appeared to be without a button declaring his or her Polishness.

He was also known for propagating Polishness in Cieszyn Silesia.

Poland's domination by Moscow made many Poles feel their Polishness all the more keenly.

What is Polishness?

For many Poles, "Polishness" was strongly connected with the Roman Catholic faith.

There are so many examples of disregard for Polishness, for tradition, history and culture that it causes anger and rebellion.

Towards heights of Polishness, Kashubian identity and true scholarship (Gdańsk 2007).

“Wawel is the heart of Polishness, and nobody should be buried there, especially President Kaczynski, who was a divisive person.

Half a century later he explained that "The Polishness in my works comes from Mickiewicz and Słowacki."

The tens of thousands of mourners certainly seemed to be gripped by a sense of Polishness, of unity in tragedy.

Or maybe that's the joke of the title, that it's only the Poles who, trapped forever by their Polishness, remain ineluctably who they are born.

Zamoyski is exhaustive about those cultural and constitutional developments over hundreds of years that evolved into precisely that sense of Polishness.

And yet a significant minority of Poles believe that Poland and Polishness remain subject to foreign control and malign internal forces.

A few proved their Polishness with prewar high school diplomas while in other cases people simply produced two witness who attested to their Polish origin.

In 1893, to emphasize his Polishness, Artzt asked the Belgian government for permission to change his name to Arctowski.

They use fantasy, mysticism and symbolism and feature themes related to Poland's history, essence of Polishness, and relation to a larger universe.

There are Poles in Szczecin who acknowledge the peculiar irony that the city owes its very Polishness, and a lot of its problems, to Stalin.

Poland's official press, under headlines like "Polishness in Byelorussia" and "They never emigrated from Poland," lavishes attention on these distant cousins.