Animal versus wind dispersal and the robustness of tree species to deforestation.
The air sacs give the pollen grains added buoyancy that could help with wind dispersal.
The seeds are 4-5 mm long, with a downy pappus which assists in wind dispersal.
The silky hairs on the fruits allow for wind dispersal.
It contains tiny light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which help wind dispersal.
The plant spreads its seeds by wind dispersal.
The fruit is a woody nut with two long thin wings that help wind dispersal.
All Pinaceae with seeds weighing less than 90mg, are seemingly adapted for wind dispersal.
Reliance on wind dispersal is common among many weedy or ruderal species.
Acorns are too heavy for wind dispersal, so they require other ways to spread.
