However, evidence for increased levels of vertical transmission requires further investigation.

Vertical transmission (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported.

In those countries, mother passes the virus to the children (known as vertical transmission).

The risk of vertical transmission (mother to baby) is approximately 7.9 per cent.

It would not be valid to calculate vertical transmission rates from these data.

Vertical transmission from mother to fetus or infant has been described(69).

Many infectious diseases have a risk of vertical transmission to the fetus.

Vertical transmission causes infection in less than 5 per cent of documented cases.

Although, vertical transmission is suspected this has not been experimentally confirmed.

By merging data from 43 studies conducted around the world over the last 10 years, they calculated the vertical transmission rate to be 7.9%.

There is also some evidence of vertical transmission.

Vertical transmission from mother to infant occurs primarily through breastfeeding.

Antiretroviral therapy may significantly reduce the risk of vertical transmission to less than 10%.

"We call that vertical transmission, but there is probably a mixture of this and the algae being absorbed from the environment."

However, horizontal versus vertical transmission of endosymbionts must be distinguished.

With the new treatment, the so-called vertical transmission rate was reduced from roughly 25 percent to 8 percent.

Boucher and Gruslin24 summarized several studies of vertical transmission.

Primary infection in pregnancy is associated with significant vertical transmission rates.

During this time, the vast majority of vertical transmission cases exhibit the initial virulence.

The gene itself benefits, in terms of its vertical transmission, from the average effects that it has on a whole series of bodies.

Transmission is mainly horizontal, but vertical transmission can also occur.

Signs are prevalent among women and vertical transmission (from mother to fetus)," he said.

In dual inheritance theory, vertical transmission refers to the passing of cultural traits from parents to children.

Vertical transmission can occur with cesarean section where membranes are intact.

This transmission of the disease down from the mother is called Vertical Transmission.