Vertical transmission (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported.

Breast feeding by the carrier mother may cause vertical transmission.

Although, vertical transmission is suspected this has not been experimentally confirmed.

The gene itself benefits, in terms of its vertical transmission, from the average effects that it has on a whole series of bodies.

Possible risk factors for vertical transmission of Chagas' disease.

However, horizontal versus vertical transmission of endosymbionts must be distinguished.

Transmission is mainly horizontal, but vertical transmission can also occur.

A few cancers, without clear-cut vertical transmission or sibship clusters.

Vertical transmission also contributes strongly to the buildup of between-population variation.

However, vertical transmission can only occur through breastfeeding.