A successful balance between security and openness, the presidents said, "demands clarity in the distinctions between classified and unclassified research."

Principles for researchers, they said, need to address questions like whether some areas of currently unclassified research should be classified in the new security environment.

It has sown confusion and anxiety among researchers by giving birth to the ambiguous concept of sensitive but unclassified research.

On-campus, unclassified research that year cost $310 million.

Historically, as a major national science research center, work involved both unclassified and classified (secret) research.

The unclassified research has reappeared in an Aipac monograph.

Work at the site would also include unclassified research on the use of laser fusion to generate energy for peaceful purposes, like power plants, he said.

The American laboratories carry out unclassified research as well as classified research.

The new institute will do unclassified research intended mainly to apply biotechnology to the development of materials and information processing.

ISW seeks to promote an informed understanding of national security through comprehensive, independent, and accessible unclassified research and analysis.