However, the tortuosity of the rock increases this to a higher number than 1.

In this case tortuosity of both straight line and circle is estimated to be 0.

However, in this case tortuosity of a straight line is left undefined.

However, several ways to adapt methods estimating tortuosity in 2-D have also been tried.

However, it is well known that tortuosity is not only a function of porosity.

It takes into account the different tortuosity and pore length of pores with the same diameter.

Intuitively, correlations of this form are a better model since it incorporates tortuosity information through .

This would imply that roughness (or tortuosity) could be measured by relative change of curvature.

The symbol for tortuosity in hydrogeology.

Then the arc-chord ratio for each part is found and the tortuosity is estimated by:

It describes a significant level of vascular dilation and tortuosity observed at the posterior retinal vessels.

Another method, proposed in 1999, is to estimate the tortuosity as integral of square (or module) of curvature.

Tortuosity of blood vessels (for example, retinal and cerebral blood vessels) is known to be used as a medical sign.

Aortic and arterial aneurysms/dissections with tortuosity (corkscrew structure) of the arteries.

Patients with known peripheral vascular, supra-aortic or internal carotid artery tortuosity that would preclude the use of catheter-based techniques.

The Gurley value reflects the tortuosity of the pores, when the porosity and thickness of the separators are fixed.

The constant , called the tortuosity factor, cementation intercept, lithology factor or, lithology coefficient is sometimes used.

The term varicocele specifically refers to dilatation and tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus, which is the network of veins that drain the testicle.

Radial nerve fiber layer (NFL) without NFL tortuosity.

In 2005 it was proposed to measure tortuosity by an integral of square of derivative of curvature, divided by the length of a curve:

In practice, the constrictivity together with the porosity and tortuosity are often used in models as purely empirical parameters to establish the effective diffusivities in porous media.

In acoustics and following initial works by Maurice Anthony Biot in 1956, the tortuosity is used to describe sound propagation in fluid-saturated porous media.

The gene TGFBR2 has been implicated in several connective tissue disorders including Marfan syndrome, arterial tortuosity and thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Findings include delayed venous filling, hypofluorescence caused by hemorrhage and capillary nonperfusion, dilation and tortuosity of veins, leakage due to neovascularization and macular edema.

The presence of the spiral folds, in combination with the tortuosity of the cystic duct, makes endoscopic cannulation and catheterization of the cystic duct extremely difficult.