The range of motion will be smaller but the standing wrist curl offers the benefit of providing the most stress on the target muscles at their peak contraction.

Efferent nerves conduct signals from the central nervous system along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands.

Descending motor pathways carry motor signals from the brain down the spinal cord and to the target muscle or organ.

The target muscles are the shoulders and calves.

The mean threshold for coldness perception was 29-1 C in the target muscle, and 29-9 C in the control chest muscle.

The mean threshold for warmth perception was 35-2 C in the target muscle, and 34-7 C in the control chest muscle.

Targeted reinnervation could also utilize implantable electrodes to record more localized signals from the target muscle, so that crosstalk can be further mitigated.

Other evidence suggests that gene-therapy induced expression of neurotrophic factors within the target muscle itself can also help enhance axon regeneration.

So any training effect on the target muscles is largely lost.

This is followed by an isometric contraction of the target muscle.