The largest section of the urban population was the urban poor of semi-skilled workers and the unemployed.
The industrial relations problems continued, as Leyland sought to replace the skilled staff, who had left, with semi-skilled workers.
Low- or semi-skilled workers were hit hardest by the labor market restructuring of the 1970s and 1980s.
Many industries, like construction, have been badly hurt by a shortage of unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
That effort failed because the new machines could be operated by semi-skilled workers and produce more shoes than hand sewing.
According to the 1963 Robbins report, only 1% of the children of semi-skilled or unskilled workers went on to higher education.
That has left bleak prospects for unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
A large proportion of the Indian expatriates are unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
Among unskilled and semi-skilled workers, the numbers are: 27 whites and 5,196 blacks.
It allowed American companies to provide large numbers of jobs to semi-skilled workers through supply-chain management, hierarchies, and rule-based systems.
