Next, the judges must certify that the election was fair and name the new president-elect by Sept. 6.

As the case moved toward trial, the presiding judge certified as a class all black farmers who filed discrimination complaints against the USDA between 1983 and 1997.

In 1996, Vratil issued a permanent injunction barring the N.C.A.A. from using the coaches' rule under any other name, and the judge certified the case as a class action.

Dogs used for certification do not have to be certified themselves, nor do they have to be a sighthound, and judges can certify two or three hounds at the same time.

This is mainly because judges certify only significant decisions for publication, due to the massive number of frivolous appeals flowing through the courts and the importance of avoiding information overload.

Then, the government suggests, the judge should certify both requests to the Supreme Court for decisions.

In 2012, a judge certified a nationwide class in the case.

A federal judge has certified a 1996 suit brought by women employees at the RAND Corporation, the research group, as a class action.

A proposed constitutional amendment to make an exception for the DNA law has not yet been approved, so a judge cannot formally certify Mr. Anderson's exoneration.

The system by which judges certify the authenticity and quality of objects in an antiques show is called vetting.