This problem is due to crystal grain boundaries in the material.

Grain boundaries are in general only a few nanometers wide.

She has made significant contributions and publications in the field of grain boundary engineering.

Two main mechanisms for altering grain boundaries have been defined.

The areas where these crystallite grains meet are known as grain boundaries.

This helps dislocation movement along grains and across grain boundaries.

Thus, when the steel is later heated up and worked, the melting at the grain boundaries does not occur.

This reduces the total area of grain boundary and hence the stored energy in the material.

Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material.

When it reaches a grain boundary, the dislocation will disappear.

The same effect can cause precipitate particles to form at the grain boundaries of a solid.

Grain boundaries are good sites for nuclei to form.

Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet.

In the early 1950s two groundbreaking series of papers were written independently on the relationship between grain boundaries and strength.

This means that the grain boundary will migrate towards the the curvature.

In common materials, crystallites are large enough that grain boundaries account for a small fraction of the material.

Moreover, the size of the grain boundaries scales directly with particle size.

Intergranular fractures are cracks that take place along the grain boundary of a material.

Grain boundary contrast can also be enhanced through careful selection of imaging parameters.

Grain growth happens due to motion of atoms across a grain boundary.

The original concentration of solute around the grain boundary will be asymmetrical in most cases.

Grain boundary initiation and interface interaction are more common sources of dislocations.

Stress corrosion cracking associated with chemical dissolution along grain boundaries.

Grain boundaries also cause deformation in that they are sources and sinks of point defects.

The cracks are intergranular, and occur at grain boundaries.