In the formal model, we follow the history of a family through, say, the male line, but this is only for convenience.
In this formal model, the entities in an information system are divided into subjects and objects.
This idea, however, had not been incorporated in any formal economic models.
The latter provides formal models, design documents, source code and test suites.
Language identification in the limit is a formal model for inductive inference.
It defines a set of requirements and a formal model.
The most common formal economic model associated with fan labor practices is a gift economy.
The third advance has been the construction of formal models for cultural evolution.
The formal model has direct parallels in signal detection theory and latent class analysis.
The objective of the formulation stage is to develop a formal model of the given decision.
