Recently we have received a number of questions about the excludability of various retirement plans.

Typically, this falls into two generalized rights - excludability and transferability.

"Where excludability matters: material versus intellectual property in academic biomedical research."

So there are two characteristics, excludability and rivalry in consumption, that we can use to classify goods.

Doctors say I have an excludability complex.

Common forms of market failure include externalities, non excludability and non rivalry.

Technological progress can significantly impact excludability of traditional public goods: encryption allows broadcasters to sell individual access to their programming.

Persons may be inadmissible to the United States for any one of the grounds for excludability listed below.

Excludability deals with the ability of agents to control who uses their commodity, and for how long - and the related costs associated with doing so.

Brennan, J., announced the judgment of the court and delivered an opinion, sustaining excludability, in which he was joined by Warren, Ch.

Excludability, in: Joseph E. Stiglitz: Knowledge as a Global Public Good, World Bank.

This second definition of public goods does not refer to the characteristics of the goods (such as rivalrousness and excludability), but rather to the type of their provision.

It asks visa applicants if they have ever belonged to a Communist organization; if the answer is yes, the visitor must apply for a waiver of excludability to be admitted.

Careful program design is needed to precisely target needy farmers, guard against "leakage" (in which wealthier farmers take advantage of the subsidy program) and maintain a degree of excludability.

Strange, yes, but the world swarms with people constantly testing their admissibility despite long histories rife with evidence that they are doomed to suffer perpetual excludability wherever keeping people out is the name of the game.

Of course there are wider social benefits from higher education but these do not make it a 'public good' as in, for example, the case of parks and roads, where excludability does not (except in extremis) apply.

She said the injury to reputation and dignity caused by age discrimination was "no less personal and thus no less worthy of excludability" from gross income than physical injuries for which compensation is not treated as income.

Copyrights and patents both encourage the creation of such non-rival goods by providing temporary monopolies, or, in the terminology of public goods, providing a legal mechanism to enforce excludability for a limited period of time.

Law enforcement, streets, libraries, museums, and education are commonly misclassified as public goods, but they are technically classified in economic terms as quasi-public goods because excludability is possible, but they do still fit some of the characteristics of public goods.