Their actual effect may well be the opposite - to make punishment more, not less, severe.
There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.
Their appearance is more worrying than the actual effect on the fish.
The anatomical studies could not show what the actual effects of the brain differences were.
Most visual modifications to the car have no actual effect on vehicle performance.
It was not thoroughly analyzed for its actual effect on the company.
But the actual effect is rather less than that.
But some economists now question even this figure, saying that the actual effect may be much less.
It is very difficult to measure the actual effects of the proposal.
What matters is the actual psychological effects, not the perceived ones.
