Descartes rejects the teleological, or purposive, view of the material world that was dominant in the West from the time of Aristotle.

By the 17th Century, the Medieval teleological view came under intense criticism from some quarters.

This teleological view of nature was common in antiquity and is crucial to the understanding of the Natural History.

Such a teleological view gave Aristotle cause to justify his observed data as an expression of formal design.

His teleological view of history meant that he considered "oriental" cultures as less developed, more autocratic in terms of their political structures and more fearful of divine law.

British historian rejects the teleological view of the Risorgimento as an inevitable and finalistic process, considering it rather the correlation of different events, some of which random indeed.

Consequently, Goethe embraced neither teleological nor deterministic views of growth within every organism.

Unfortunately, "The Real Revolution" adopts a simplistic teleological view of the road to independence.

For example, these philosophers claim that the ideas of Charles Darwin ended the last remainders of teleological views from biology.

Connections explores an "Alternative View of Change" (the subtitle of the series) that rejects the conventional linear and teleological view of historical progress.