The forwarders listen to the transmission of the source node.

This ensures that there is only one active path from any source node to any destination on the network.

A source node sends simultaneously two copies of a frame, one over each port.

When a source node has multicast traffic to send it broadcast a message warning potential receivers of such data.

Includes a sequence number, which increases every time the source node makes up a new version of the message.

A source node sends the same frame over both ports.

A group of link objects with the same source node form a frame (see Figure 4).

Consider a source node that does not have a route to the destination.

On the first phase, the source node broadcasts information toward both the destination and the relay nodes.

The decoding signal received from the source node is written as: