After a single dose of vaccine, protective immunity lasts for many years.

However at an early stage a complete lack of protective immunity was demonstrated in those inoculated.

The acute nature of the disease makes successful treatment difficult, but there is an effective vaccine available to provide animals with protective immunity.

This created protein has the same 3D-structure as the original toxin but leads also to protective immunity.

More than 95% of people who become infected as adults or older children will stage a full recovery and develop protective immunity to the virus.

No living organisms are present in the vaccine which results in protective immunity after 3 to 6 doses.

These sudden large changes allow the virus to infect new host species and quickly overcome protective immunity.

Scientists have developed ways of remodeling the virus so that it can stimulate protective immunity against many other infections.

They found that neonatal mice could indeed develop protective immunity against a viral infection, if the dose of the virus was small enough.

STING may be an important molecule for protective immunity against infectious organisms.

Fish that survive the infection have lifelong protective immunity but remain latent carriers of CCV.

It was a "benign" pandemic, primarily affecting people born after 1950, because the older generation had protective immunity resulting from prior experience with H1N1 strains.

Those who acquired protective immunity (skin test positive) without ever having visceral leishmaniasis have a strong type 1 CD4+ response to leishmania antigens.

CD8+ T suppressor cells predominate in patients with no protective immunity (visceral leishmaniasis patients).

This suggested that IL-12 is essential for protective immunity to intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria and Salmonella.

Malaria infection does not infer protective immunity and continued exposure to malaria parasites can result in repeated infection.

Antigen specific interferon-gamma and proliferation, as well as the ability to kill intracellular leishmania, are hallmarks of protective immunity.

Our knowledge of protective immunity and antigens needs to expand as well as ways to confront HIV's wide genetic diversity.

The immune system maintains an "immunological memory" against past pathogens to facilitate early detection and to confer protective immunity against a rechallenge.

Both IgG and IgM provide protective immunity to the infecting serotype of the virus.

Additionally, research shows that if immunoglobulin is taken from immune adults, purified and then given to individuals that have no protective immunity, some protection can be gained.

Activation of TNF-α creates pathologic manifestations of disease such as tissue necrosis, nerve damage, and protective immunity.

Protective immunity to encapsulated bacterial pathogens such as N. meningitidis is principally mediated by the reaction between antibody and capsular polysaccharide epitopes.

Leishmania specific CD4+ helper T cells predominate in adults with strong protective immunity (skin-test positive with no history of clinical infection).

In this process, localised mutation of the immunoglobulin genes allows the production of improved antibodies which make a major contribution to protective immunity and immunological memory.