All members are obligate parasites requiring a mammalian host and snails for completion of their life cycle.

An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882-1913.

This is the infective stage for the mammalian host.

Snails serve as the intermediary agent between mammalian hosts.

Adults seek medium to large mammalian hosts, primarily deer.

They inhabit the small intestine of mammalian host.

Larvae may hatch from embryonated eggs outside of the mammalian host.

It has also been shown to be extremely active against Mycoplasma species isolated from both mammalian and avian hosts.

It involves the administration of that gene to any mammalian host, including a human.

A mosquito ingests gametocytes, which have been formed in the mammalian host.