Skinner became interested in the individualising of programs for improved learning in those with or without disabilities and worked with Fred S. Keller to develop programmed instruction.

A first stage is to re-emphasise the individualising and atomising role of states, these representing an important part of Weberian theory and Marx's early speculations on the state.

This was accomplished by assigning to each note in a composition values drawn from scales of pitch, duration, dynamics, and attack characteristics, resulting in a "stronger individualizing of separate tones" (Frisius 1994).