However, in sexual dimorphism analyses, it does not appear reasonably to assume that two independent random samples have been selected.

A replication study in an independent sample confirmed these results, reporting a heritability estimate of 47%.

The result and its error estimate are based on a weighted average of independent samples.

"It's an intriguing finding," he said, "but it is certainly going to require confirmation in an independent sample of subjects by independent investigators."

This study examined 10 independent samples designed to be nationally representative, based on data from more than 8,500 participants.

Two independent samples per group was analyzed.

Now let for be independent samples from .

In matched contrast analysis, assume that there are independent samples from groups ('s), where .

For example, in the t-test comparing the means of two independent samples, the following assumptions should be met:

In this case, we have two independent samples and would use the unpaired form of the t-test.