But he notes that three-quarters of the dose would be from heavy ions, whose biological effects are 'poorly understood'.

One major source of noise arises from ions or molecules in response to the third law of thermodynamics.

Here hydrogen peroxide takes an electron from the Fe2+ ions and becomes water.

The formation of uncharged atoms from ions is called discharging.

This property can be used to separate thorium from other ions in solution.

It can be produced from furfural by the catalytic action of cyanide ions.

Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.

None of the patients in clinical studies displayed problems from such ions, whose electrical charge makes them highly reactive.

This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.

The most serious problem limiting use of ion-selective electrodes is interference from other, undesired, ions.