Ballot papers were printed abroad to limit the supply of fraudulent papers, and various other measures were taken to reduce the potential for electoral fraud.

Instead, employers are liable only if they accept blatantly fraudulent papers.

In the 1 percent of cases in which the manipulation is deemed fraudulent - a total of 14 papers so far - the paper is rejected.

As a measure of how sophisticated the market for fraudulent papers has become, officials pointed to a counterfeiting operation uncovered in Harlingen, Tex., earlier this month.

"There's no way in the world he should be carrying kids with fraudulent papers."

The journals that published the fraudulent papers also need to raise their guard.

The oil, often bought and sold by private brokers using ships with fraudulent papers, goes to many destinations, including Iran, Pakistan and India.

A series of five fraudulent papers by Jan Hendrik Schön were published in Nature in the 2000-2001 period.

Privately offered children have been supplied with fraudulent papers that American consular officials have rejected.

At the time, he was editor of The New England Journal of Medicine, and it had published a fraudulent paper.