However, mutational robustness may evolve as a byproduct of natural selection for robustness to environmental perturbations.

The pollutants along with other environmental perturbations have also proved to be harmful to the biodiversity of marine species along Karachi Fish Harbour including green turtle, seabirds and marine mammals.

Gene effects can also be tested under a spectrum of environmental perturbations and experimental conditions.

Recent work has shown that multiple enhancers allow fruit flies to survive environmental perturbations, such as an increase in temperature.

Mutational robustness: when the same phenotype occurs in an organism despite a variety of environmental perturbations, it is said to be 'robust'.

A significant loss of oxygen leads to environmental perturbations.

Post-genomic research, such as metabolomics, has also provided useful insights to the metabolism of this species and how environmental perturbations can affect metabolic processes.

In essence, the authors proposed that the observed network features act in concert as a genetic buffering system to maintain clock function in the face of genetic and environmental perturbation.

And with environmental perturbations added, Dr. Hastings predicted, the chaotic behavior would last even longer.

For these reasons, Dr. Kunz notes, bats may be more susceptible than birds to environmental perturbations.