Justice John Paul Stevens dissented separately.

Justice Blackmun dissented separately on narrower grounds.

Justices Scalia and Thomas also dissented separately.

Justice Kennedy also dissented separately, arguing that the Court failed to apply, in fact, strict scrutiny as required by Justice Powell's opinion in Bakke.

Both Justice Scalia and Justice Thomas also dissented separately.

Justice Harry A. Blackmun dissented separately.

Associate Justice Byron R. White dissented separately.

Justice O'Connor dissented separately.

Justice William J. Brennan Jr. wrote the dissent, while Justice John Paul Stevens dissented separately.

Justice Stevens dissented separately, agreeing with the points raised in Souter's dissent, but adding some additional observations.