The 1830s saw a significant effort by white communities to oppose black education, coinciding with the emergence of public schooling in American society.

"The state of black education in our country is very bad indeed," Mr. Mandela said.

Atlanta quickly became a center of black education.

The Fund was managing a study of black education and surveyed private as well as public schools.

The current condition of the school belies the impact it had on black education in New Jersey and beyond.

The high school students have endured conditions that look shocking even by the inferior standards of black education here.

"You can't legally stand outside the door and block access to higher education to anyone, black or white," he went on.

He became known as Harvard's ambassador to black education.

Ambrose Caliver (1894-1962) changed the face of black education on a national scale.

A3 There is a crisis affecting black education in South Africa.