All persons engaged in these fields were obligated to join their respective chambers, whose decisions and directives had the validity of law.

In Hart's opinion, the validity of law is a matter of the customary and collective practices of the courts.

As for the moral validity of law, both positivists and realists maintain that this is a matter of moral principles.

The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government.

Vitia, plural, could taint the outcome of elections, the validity of laws, and the conducting of military operations.

Virtue ethics does not deny the validity of laws and rules, but it does insist that rules cannot be the ultimate foundation of ethics.

The Supreme Court has analyzed the Constitution's due process guarantee many times in order to decide the validity of laws authorizing the Government and private citizens to take someone else's property.

The findings, the researchers say, challenge the validity of laws that have been proposed in many states, and passed in several, mandating that women seeking abortions be informed of mental health risks.

The Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1976, attempted to reduce the power of the Indian Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws.

It is only the principles of reason which can give to concordant phenomena the validity of laws, and it is only when experiment is directed by these rational principles that it can have any real utility.

The Indian Judiciary is partly a continuation of the British legal system established by the English in the mid-19th century based on a typical hybrid legal system in which customs, precedents and legislative law have validity of law.

Mr. Chaskalson, for example, is to become head of the nation's new Constitutional Court, which will open in a few months with broad powers to review the validity of laws and ordinances that continue to deny many South Africans their fundamental rights.

LUNARIAN: But this system of maintaining an expensive judicial machinery to pass upon the validity of laws only after they have long been executed, and then only when brought before the court by some private person - does it not cause great confusion?

He also said the Court did not mean to cast doubt on the validity of laws requiring disclosure of the identities of campaign contributors, such as the provisions of the Federal campaign law the Court upheld in a landmark decision, Buckley v. Valeo, in 1976.