These statutes grant U.S. courts jurisdiction to hear civil actions filed against perpetrators of gross human rights violations, even when those violations took place overseas.

Rather the individual statutes that empower agencies or Ministers to make decisions also grant jurisdiction to the AAT to review the decisions.

The statute granted the military judicial police rights and allowed limited arrests and communication intercepts without warrants.

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania reversed, holding that the statute was a, "legitimate exercise of the police power" and granted an injunction.

Both the statutes of Virtuti Militari and privileges granted to recipients were preserved.

A similar statute granted automomy to the Basque Country.

This case interpreted that statute to grant jurisdiction over claims for torts committed both within the United States and abroad.

That court ruled that the statute was violative of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Supremacy Clause, and granted injunctive relief.

But by a 2-1 vote last week, a panel from the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the statute does not grant private citizens that right.

A 1978 statute granted the title of secretary of state to the holders of two (later three) directoral posts whose functions require independent interaction with foreign authorities.