spirit duplicator

The mimeograph process should not be confused with the spirit duplicator process.

The spirit duplicator was invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld.

Unlike a spirit duplicator master, a hectograph master is not a mirror image.

The least expensive way to make copies is with a spirit duplicator, which uses carbon paper and special fluids to transfer images to paper.

Spirit duplicator, a later variation on Gestetner's design using a drum filled with solvent instead of ink.

Launched in 1956, that publication was Sata, filled with fantasy illustrations and reproduced on a spirit duplicator.

Other methods of copying included cyclostyle, spirit duplicator, photocopying, and xerography.

The next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin.

Mimeographs and the closely related but distinctly different spirit duplicator process were both used extensively in schools to copy homework assignments and tests.

In addition to making copies, Thermofax machines can be used to make a "spirit master" for spirit duplicator machines.

The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols which were a major component of the solvents used as "inks" in these machines.

When this fell through, Tony Bath was able to purchase cheaply a spirit duplicator with which it was produced from May 1965.

Spirit duplicator technology gradually fell into disuse starting in the 1970s after the availability of low-cost, high-volume xerographic copiers.

Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common.

Multiply him; thousandfold, By ditto, Spirit Duplicator!

Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a manual typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques (e.g., the spirit duplicator or even the hectograph).

The magazine was originally published in 1982 by Mike Gunderloy on a spirit duplicator in his bedroom in a slanshack in Alhambra, California.

The ditto machine (spirit duplicator) sold by Ditto, Inc., used two-ply "spirit masters" or "ditto masters".

Initially a two-page fanzine printed by spirit duplicator, it expanded rapidly, moving to offset covers, then adding mimeographed contents, ultimately becoming a printed publication with the 16th issue.

Mimeograph machines predated the spirit duplicator, had a lower cost per impression, superior print quality, finer resolution, and if properly adjusted could be used for multi-pass and double-sided printing.

As technology continued to develop, the copyright acts of 1911 in Britain and 1968 in Australia survived the advent of the jellypad, the mimeograph, the Gestetner machine, and the spirit duplicator with some equanimity.

Publication under the APA was usually but not exclusively via use of mimeograph or spirit duplicator machines - it is an irony the game collapsed at the dawn of personal computers and the internet, which would have greatly eased publication burdens.

Thus, when using a spirit duplicator master with a hectograph, one writes on the back of the purple sheet, using it like carbon paper to produce an image on the white sheet, rather than writing on the front of the white sheet to produce a mirror image on its back.

A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine in the UK or Roneo in France and Australia) was a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld and commonly used for much of the rest of the 20th century.