sonotrode

A sonotrode usually consists of a stack of piezoelectric transducers attached to a tapering metal rod.

For an ultrasonic welding or cutting application, the sonotrode gives energy directly to the welding contact area, with little diffraction.

Metal foil is then drawn under the sonotrode, which applies pressure through a normal force and the ultrasonic oscillations, and bonded to the plate.

An ultrasonic stack composed of a converter or piezoelectric transducer, an optional booster and a sonotrode (US: Horn).

The shape of the sonotrode (round, square, with teeth, profiled ...), depends on the quantity of vibratory energy and a physical constraint for a specific application.

In ultrasonic machining, welding and mixing, a sonotrode is a tool that creates ultrasonic vibrations and applies this vibrational energy to a gas, liquid, solid or tissue.

The parts are sandwiched between a fixed shaped nest (anvil) and a sonotrode (horn) connected to a transducer, and a 20 kHz low-amplitude acoustic vibration is emitted.

The frequency of the current is chosen to be the resonant frequency of the tool, so the entire sonotrode acts as a half-wavelength resonator, vibrating lengthwise with standing waves at its resonant frequency.