Code modification is used to inject permanent faults.

Permanent faults affect the logic values in the system permanently, these faults are easier to detect using a memory tester.

Permanent faults lead to a continuing error and are typically due to some mechanical failure such as metal electromigration or dielectric breakdown.

Of course, Beaton had only to stand still, faultlessly arranged before an admiring lens, whereas I was traipsing about with plenty of temporary and permanent faults.

As per CARB, any diagnostic trouble codes that is commanding MIL on and stored into non-volatile memory shall be logged as a permanent fault code.

Permanent faults will lead to uncorrectable errors which can be handled by replacement by duplicate hardware, e.g. processor sparing, or by the passing of the uncorrectable error to high level recovery mechanisms.

If the fault is a permanent fault (downed wires, tree branches lying on the wires, etc.) the autorecloser will exhaust its pre-programmed attempts to re-energize the line and remain tripped off until manually commanded to try again.

A persistent fault does not disappear when power is disconnected.

But "In Search of Respect" is marred by two persistent faults.

Eventually, as Mr. Freeberg shows, Howe became disillusioned over what he saw as Bridgman's persistent faults, and that led him to alter some of his convictions about human nature.

Q1 - In a typical IT department 80 to 90% of problems are solid faults that are easily tracked down to a causing technology.