Turkish villages can be ugly, with unfinished buildings bristling with rough, spiky rooflines of rusty concrete reinforcement bar.

Galvanized steel is also extensively used in buildings (concrete reinforcement bars, roofing and siding) and other structures such as transmission towers for electricity.

It includes rusting of concrete reinforcement bar and any number of concrete failures, notably carbonatation or the Alkali - silica reaction.

Companies that once boasted of making every steel product from "nails to rails" have conceded low-value items like concrete reinforcement bars to foreign steelmakers and the mini-mills operated by smaller American companies like the Nucor Corporation and the Chaparral Steel Corporation, which produce steel from scrap, rather than ore.