Infrastructure investment was poor because of the public sector monopoly.

This situation is perceived as an improvement on a public sector monopoly.

There is one exception, namely monopolies, especially public sector monopolies.

Government is committed to opening up public sector monopolies and challenging old models of service delivery to drive improvement across public services.

"a shining example of the bureaucratic inefficiency and high cost of a former public sector monopoly, which still exists decades after privatisation."

This occurs when markets, previously served by the public sector monopolies and governed by regulations, are opened up to competition from the private sector.

The National Health Service as a public sector monopoly was an exemplar of everything the New Right most criticise.

Secondly, it has expressed fears about changing a public sector monopoly into a private sector monopoly, and expressed concern about consumer protection.

He characterised the NHS as a "cumbersome, centrally directed public sector monopoly" delivering a "second rate state monopoly service" to "passive recipients" rather than to "customers".

The main problem with this solution is that a public sector monopoly can be as x-inefficient as a private sector one, and may be more so, as the market sanction of bankruptcy has been removed.

As for Egypt, Mr. Djerejian conceded, "The Egyptian economy remains dominated by large, inefficient public sector monopolies, the activities of private businessmen remain heavily restricted, and the regulatory environment remains extremely uncertain."

There is a need for a more vigorous competition policy both in manufacturing industry and services but especially with respect to public sector monopolies, and for a change in fiscal policy to remove the artificial incentives which companies now have to retain earnings.

Bus services were excluded from the committee's remit as, even before deregulation, buses operated in a much more competitive and diversified environment than the public sector monopolies over whose transport services TUCCs were designed to act as watchdogs.