The Bessemer process was replaced by the open-hearth process in the early 20th century.

The open-hearth process originated in the 1860s in Germany and France.

Only the Siemens-Martin open-hearth process developed by 1875 yielded steel of consistent quality.

Wellman went on to improve upon the open-hearth process of steel rail production, which in turn had improved upon the Bessemer process.

Midvale began with the crucible process, but two years after its founding began using the open-hearth process, which would in time replace the crucibles.

His assessment of the open-hearth process for steel production was confirmed by a report from the US Bureau of Corporations.

It was here that TCI pioneered the open-hearth process of making steel in the Birmingham District.

The first industrial Converter (metallurgy) for making cheap steel was the Bessemer converter, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process.

Dofasco Inc introduced the BOP to North America in 1954 and since then the dominant open-hearth process steadily declined, and none are in use today.

This method was followed by the invention, a few years later, of the open-hearth process, which from about 1900 to the early 1960s accounted for most of the steel production in the world.

When the Bessemer process was developed in England in 1856, and the open-hearth process was invented, steel was produced in a quantity that allowed it to be economical.

The three partners Sharp, Hick and Hargreaves formed the Bolton Iron & Steel Company; Bessemer steel making began about 1860 - four six-ton Bessemer converters were installed during the 1860s, and experiments with the Sieman's open-hearth process began in 1867.

The report stated that an agent for U. S. Steel and a large railroad affiliated with J. P. Morgan pronounced the rails produced by the open-hearth process to be twice as good at those made by the Bessemer process, which was used by U. S. Steel.

Mr. Serrin tells us that the Homestead Works pioneered the open-hearth process, which generated cheap steel in large quantities - supplying rails for the railroads that thrust westward, plates for helmets and warships in the two great wars of this century, beams for bridges and for the nation's first skyscrapers.