For a non-ideal solution it is an excess molar quantity.

Figure 6.18 is a typical vapour pressure-composition diagram for a non-ideal solution showing positive deviation.

Figure 6.19 is the corresponding diagram for a non-ideal solution which exhibits negative deviation from Raoult's law.

For non-ideal solutions, the activity coefficient 'γc' depends on the concentration and must be determined at the concentration of interest.

Raoult's Law may be adapted to non-ideal solutions by incorporating two factors that account for the interactions between molecules of different substances.

Keywords: molten salt, thermodynamic properties, nickel chloride, non-ideal solution, complex species.

For non-ideal solutions of electrolytes it is connected to the activity coefficient of the solute(s) and the temperature derivative of the relative permittivity.

Subadditivity occurs in the thermodynamic properties of non-ideal solutions and mixtures like the excess molar volume and heat of mixing or excess enthalpy.

As a starting point in our treatment of such systems we shall develop a model of an ideal solution and then show how real or non-ideal solutions deviate from this model.

Review of basic thermodynamic principles, calculation of thermodynamic properties, ideal and non-ideal solution theory, calculation of phase equilibria, properties of reacting mixtures.

It has a slightly higher degree of osmolarity (i.e. more solute per litre) than blood (However, if you take into account the osmotic coefficient, a correction for non-ideal solutions, then the saline solution is much closer to isotonic.

It is shown that in a non-ideal solution, the activity of any component A+X− is given as where and are respectively the cation and anion fractions in a solution that has reached the ionic composition representing a specific reaction mechanism at equilibrium.

In contrast to ideal solutions, where volumes are strictly additive and mixing is always complete, the volume of a non-ideal solution is not, in general, the simple sum of the volumes of the component pure liquids and solubility is not guaranteed over the whole composition range.