Bell Atlantic calls all of the unit's workers management employees, so they are not represented by the union.
During the strikes, Caterpillar used management employees in an attempt to maintain production.
The District employed 23 administrators and management employees for a savings of $75,000.
Federal Express also said most management employees would not receive bonuses.
In such strikes, management employees tried to run a skeleton service by driving the buses themselves.
Continental's management employees have worked under a wage freeze since October 1990.
The company previously granted options only to management employees.
He said the museum achieved its goal of greater flexibility in administering a health plan for management employees and union members.
One caveat is that any changes made to union members' coverage would also apply to management employees.
He is spending $250 million a year to buy out middle management employees and to consolidate factories.
