These MCUs are commonly used in hard disk drives, modems, printers, pattern recognition and motor control.

This requires some advanced digital signal processing, similar to what happens in dial-up modems but at some 10,000 times the speed.

The D.S.P. chips are most commonly found in large telephone systems and modems.

Fabry-Pérot interferometers or etalons are used in optical modems, spectroscopy, lasers, and astronomy.

A handful of wireless telecommunications companies use custom chips in proprietary modems to deliver WiMax service, particularly to corporations.

This could be addressed in internal modems that plugged directly into the computer's motherboard.

The standard is used in motherboards, modems, and sound cards.

FEC information is usually added to mass storage devices to enable recovery of corrupted data, and is widely used in modems.

The next major advance in modems was the Hayes Smartmodem, introduced in 1981.

In modern modems, this functionality is often incorporated into a single chip.