These witnesses have refused to answer questions before a grand jury, asserting the protective function privilege.

The court finds no constitutional basis for recognizing a protective function privilege.

Nevertheless, Congress did not create a protective function privilege.

In those two instances, the Secret Service did not assert a protective function privilege.

B. State History No state has ever recognized a protective function privilege or its equivalent.

Likewise, the lack of any state support for the protective function privilege indicates that "reason and experience" do not warrant recognizing it.

The President has not himself invoked the protective function privilege nor has he instructed the witnesses to invoke it.

The Secret Service asserted a new "protective function privilege."

The fight over the "protective function privilege" has raised complicated, delicate, and important questions about presidential privacy and the obligations of the Secret Service.

The district court refused to recognize the protective function privilege and granted the motion to compel.