Relative surface and volume fractions are chemical constants, which must be known for all chemicals.

We can now introduce a free volume fraction f and substitute in equation (12.13)

Porosity is the volume fraction of void space in a solid.

The volume fraction of these microscopic pores had to be less than 1% for high-quality optical transmission.

The three components composing the system are each found at an apex of the triangle, where their corresponding volume fraction is 100%.

This equation is applicable for suspensions having a low volume fraction of particles.

It is related to volume fraction by dividing by 100%.

The is defined as the volume fraction of grains with a certain orientation .

Additionally, the volume fraction of the γ' precipitates increased to about 50-70%.

Published and well-verified theories allow such measurements at volume fractions up to 50%, see reference.