The fragmentation of tasks which went along with Fordism reached technical, social and political limits.

But, as Brinkley observes, "Fordism" changed the nature of work.

Although Fordism was a method used to improve productivity in the automotive industry, this principle could be applied to any kind of manufacturing process.

However, due to rising global competition, energy crises, stagflation and recession, Fordism began to unravel.

Other critics believe that post-Fordism does exist, but coexists with Fordism.

For example, in scientific management and Fordism, employees are micro-managed- they are given specific instructions on how to perform certain tasks.

This is a real problem with concepts as broad (indeed some would say elastic) as those of Fordism and neo-Fordism.

Throughout the Fordist (see fordism) era, temporary workers made up a rather marginal proportion of the total labor force in North America.

Taylorism is often mentioned along with Fordism, because it was closely associated with mass production methods in factories, which was its earliest application.

Fortune and Misportunes of Global Fordism (1985)(Mirages et miracles.

Others, following in Braverman's footsteps have criticised his "deskilling" thesis as not universal; and, have attended to working class resistance to the imposition of Fordism.

The social-scientific concept of "Fordism" was introduced by the French regulation school, sometimes known as regulation theory, which is a Marxist-influenced strand of political economy.

It is contrasted with Fordism, the system formulated in Henry Ford's automotive factories, in which workers work on a production line, performing specialized tasks repetitively.

Perhaps it is only possible with hindsight to see the overall cultural zeitgeist that (indirectly) connected the budding Fordism to the rest of the efficiency movement during the decade of 1905-1915.

The term gained prominence when was used by Antonio Gramsci in 1934 in his essay "Americanism and Fordism", in his Prison Notebooks.

At the level of the labor process Fordism is Taylorist and as a national mode of regulation Fordism is Keynesianism.

'Different' but Not 'Exceptional': Canada's Permeable Fordism," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol.

"Americanism and Fordism - American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'"

But even the Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci wrote lovingly in his "Prison Notebooks" of how Americanism and Fordism were hollowing out the old feudal snobberies.

This book explains and extends the regulationist school's concepts of Fordism and neo-Fordism, and applies them in an analysis of the structural changes in the international economy of the 1980s.

"Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920-1950," Economic Geography, Vol.

Economic dimensions of the Empire of Liberty involved dissemination of American management methods (such as Taylorization, Fordism, and the assembly line), technology, and popular culture such as film.

That said, scholars view this recession more importantly as a representation of a larger structural shift from a Fordism economic production system underpinning many North American industries, toward one of Post-Fordism.

This is not to say that it was the consequence of the rise of Fordism (i.e., the changes that were taking place during the first half of the 20th century in capitalist methods of production).

The former implies that global capitalism has made a clean break from Fordism (including overcoming its inconsistencies), whilst the latter implies that elements of the fordist ROA continued to exist.