Vitamins B, B, folic acid and choline are essential cofactors for these reactions.

Lipoamide acyltransferases have an essential cofactor, lipoic acid, which is covalently bound via an amide linkage to a lysine group.

Lacking essential cofactors reduces myelin impedance, increases current leakage, and slows signal transmission.

Zinc is an essential cofactor for more than 50 classes of enzymes.

PLP is also an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in the metabolism of selenomethionine to selenohomocysteine and then from selenohomocysteine to hydrogen selenide.

This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme methionine synthase with B as an essential cofactor.

Thiamine diphosphate is an essential cofactor, along with calcium.

However, two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin, bind with adenine to form the essential cofactors NAD and FAD respectively.

Only the (R)-(+)-enantiomer exists in nature and is an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes.

Iron is an essential cofactor for the formation of L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine.