The Bush initiative is causing some apprehension at the nation's centers for the design of nuclear arms, such as the 8,000-member Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms.
Experts agree that hydronuclear tests can have some use in the design of new nuclear arms, although the extent is debated.
His heraldic designs with shields and coats of arms replaced magnificent 17th-century murals.
Without explosive tests, experts say, reliable designs of advanced arms are basically unattainable.
At Sandia, one of three Federal centers for the design of nuclear arms, recent research on parachutes began to encounter major snags as designs became more advanced.
The coat of arms was assumed by the city council in 1897, and has a more intricate design than most other Norwegian coats of arms.
The export of supercomputers troubles many experts concerned that the machines will be used to speed the design of nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles and other arms.
The current blue-white-red design with the coat of arms in the center.
The cities, with code names like Tomsk-7 and Arzamas-16, formed the heart of the Soviet military's vast industrial complex for the design and production of nuclear arms.
