Rydberg atoms are an example of metastable excited atomic states.

Calculations using perturbation theory show that this results in strong interactions between two close Rydberg atoms.

Strongly interacting Rydberg atoms also feature quantum critical behavior, which makes them interesting to study on their own.

Due to their large size, Rydberg atoms can exhibit very large electric dipole moments.

The large sizes and low binding energies of Rydberg atoms lead to a high magnetic susceptibility, Χ.

Such systems share many properties with the conventional Rydberg atom and consequently are sometimes referred to as heavy Rydberg atoms.

He then moved on to Rydberg atoms, giant atomic states particularly sensitive to microwaves, which makes them well adapted for studying the interactions between light and matter.

Condensation of Rydberg atoms forms Rydberg matter most often observed in form of long-lived clusters.

Rydberg matter is a phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms; it was predicted around 1980 by É.

Rydberg atoms, generated by low-frequency lightnings, emit at red to orange color and can give the lightning a yellowish to greenish tint.

Excited atoms with very high values of the principal quantum number, represented by n in the Rydberg formula, are called Rydberg atoms.

In the presence of an external electric field Rydberg atoms can obtain very large electric dipole moments making them extremely susceptible to perturbation by the field.

It's partitioned into 190 areas, each large enough to hold complete neural and genetic maps for one human being, encoded into superposed electron states on Rydberg atoms."

Much early experimental work on Rydberg atoms relied on the use of collimated beams of fast electrons incident on ground-state atoms.

Rydberg atoms' large sizes and susceptibility to perturbation and ionisation by electric and magnetic fields, are an important factor determining the properties of plasmas.

Progress is also being made into simulations of the toric model with Rydberg atoms, in which the Hamiltonian and the effects of dissipative noise can be demonstrated.

For Rydberg atoms and molecules, every orbit which is closed at the nucleus is also a periodic orbit whose period is equal to either the closure time or twice the closure time.

All of these devices feature very large dipole moments (up to 10 that of large Rydberg atoms), which qualifies them as extremely suitable coupling counterparts for the light field in circuit QED.

In the time between the early absorption spectroscopy experiments and the arrival of tunable lasers, interest in Rydberg atoms was kept alive by the realisation that they are common in interstellar space, and as such are an important radiation source for astronomers.

The density within interstellar gas clouds is typically many orders of magnitude lower than the best laboratory vacuums attainable on Earth, allowing Rydberg atoms to persist for long periods of time without being ionised by collisions or electric and magnetic fields.

As diamagnetic effects scale with the area of the orbit and the area is proportional to the radius squared (A n), effects impossible to detect in ground state atoms become obvious in Rydberg atoms, which demonstrate very large diamagnetic shifts.

For scaling systems such as Rydberg atoms in strong fields, the Fourier transform of an oscillator strength spectrum computed at fixed as a function of is called a recurrence spectrum, because it gives peaks which correspond to the scaled action of closed orbits and whose heights correspond to .

The nature of the strong interaction is such that excited nuclear states tend to be very unstable (unlike the excited electron states in Rydberg atoms), and there are a finite number of excited states below the nuclear binding energy, unlike the (in principle) infinite number of bound states available to an atom's electrons.

The quantum version of this map provides canonical kicked rotator model and demonstrates the phenomenon of dynamical localization of quantum chaos, which has been observed, for example, in experiments with hydrogen and Rydberg atoms in a microwave field and cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates in kicked optical lattices.

Rydberg atoms form commonly in plasmas due to the recombination of electrons and positive ions; low energy recombination results in fairly stable Rydberg atoms, while recombination of electrons and positive ions with high kinetic energy often form autoionising Rydberg states.