Viviani S, Ragni G, Santoro A, et al.: Testicular dysfunction in Hodgkin's disease before and after treatment.

It may occur because of testicular dysfunction (primary hypogonadism) or hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction (secondary hypogonadism) and may be congenital or acquired.

The development of RAD only in those patients with severe testicular dysfunction suggests that such dysfunction is one endogenous factor that predisposes to the development of RAD.

Additionally, the study showed that dogs that served in Vietnam were 1.7 to 2 times more likely to be diagnosed with some type of testicular dysfunction than were dogs that served only in the United States.