Section 8.6 contrast the subtyping of records and objects.

These traits also permit additional subtyping of some species into biovars.

Ultimately, imaging technologies may serve as tools for early diagnosis and subtyping of depression.

Functional programming languages often allow the subtyping of records.

Refinement types are thus related to behavioral subtyping.

Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general, so it cannot be implemented by a program (compiler).

The subtyping of mutable references is similar to the treatment of function arguments and return values.

Robert Meersman extended the approach by adding subtyping, and introducing the first truly conceptual query language.

This paper surveys various notions of behavioral subtyping, including Liskov and Wing's.

Some systems also support subtyping of labeled disjoint union types (such as algebraic data types).

Note how the subtyping is "reversed".

These rules approximate behavioural subtyping.

The primary use of is for the construction of complex datatypes, but sometimes it is used to create primitive structural subtyping.

Codd goes on to introduce subtyping of entities, giving yet another qualifier for entities:

Today's leading conceptual thinker in the area of bipolar subtyping, Akiskal is a fastidious researcher and an astute clinical observer.

Laboratories should make subtyping of influenza A viruses isolated from potential SARS cases a priority.

"Structural Subtyping of Non-Recursive Types is Decidable".

The problem concerns which subtyping or inheritance relationship should exist between classes which represent circles and ellipses (or, similarly, squares and rectangles).

Subtyping, Subclassing, and Trouble with OOP, an essay discussing a related problem, whether sets should inherit from bags.

The concept of subtyping has gained visibility (and synonymy with polymorphism in some circles) with the mainstream adoption of object-oriented programming.

The rule for width subtyping is reversed: every tag appearing in the width subtype must appear in the width supertype.

In object-oriented programming subtyping is commonly called just polymorphism (see polymorphism in object-oriented programming).

In the last two decades, however, the development of molecularly targeted agents have led to an increased emphasis on more precise typing and subtyping of lung carcinomas.

Inheritance, even in programming languages that support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism, does not necessarily entail behavioral subtyping.

In a similar fashion, nominal subtyping means that one type is a subtype of another if and only if it is explicitly declared to be so in its definition.