sham control

EA significantly attenuated the hyperalgesia compared with sham control.

Sham control rats underwent the same operation and handling as the experimental animals but without spinal nerve ligation.

For sham control, EA needles were inserted into GB30 without stimulation.

Moreover, the EA inhibited up-regulation of preprodynorphin mRNA and dynorphin as well as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and its mRNA compared with sham control.

Placebo trials of Reiki are complicated by the difficulty of designing a realistic placebo, although subsequent trials with adequate placebo or sham controls have shown no difference between the procedure and the control groups.

Neither of these reviews included the results of his own rigorously conducted randomized trial of neurofeedback against sham feedback reported at a recent scientific meeting that found no benefits of biofeedback compared to the sham control condition.

Of two studies published in 2010-2011 that both used attention placebo or sham control treatment groups, one found evidence of specific treatment effects only on inattention but not hyperactive or impulsive symptoms while the other smaller study found chiefly placebo effects.

A 2006 systematic cost-effectiveness review found that the reported cost-effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation in the United Kingdom compared favorably with other treatments for back pain, but that reports were based on data from clinical trials without sham controls and that the specific cost-effectiveness of the treatment (as opposed to non-specific effects) remains uncertain.