"Once in the job, prioritise, routinise, delegate, outsource and keep fit," Parker said.

He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to "routinise" into a more structured form of authority.

The report said intellectual failure was the ultimate culprit in missing the Twin Towers attacks and stressed the need to "routinise, even bureaucratise, the use of the imagination."

The period also witnessed a particularly determined use of political methods in industrial affairs, thus making available for investigation the ability of the emerging shop-floor 'custom and practice' to absorb, routinise and limit the effects of outside interventions.

Managerial systems of assessing nursing workload and skill mix on the other hand (for example, Criteria for Care, GRASP) attempt to routinise nursing activities through work study methods, and link workload planning to assessments of patient dependency.