Thus we believe it right that the measures should not have retroactive force.

Article 97 of the Norwegian constitution forbids any law being given retroactive force.

At the same time, the Constitution's 97 in fact stated: 'No law must be given retroactive force.'

The terms were similar to those of the 1945 penal code appendix, seeking to avoid the necessity of another law with retroactive force, should Denmark be occupied during the cold war.

Ingeborg Hansen, as the only member in both chambers of Parliament, voted against the reinstitution of the death penalty with retroactive force in the Danish purge after World War II.

It was rather the way a distinction or disgrace still reaches back today from a child to its parents, in China: it was the retroactive force of success or failure that led men to think well or ill of an action.