rayah , także: raya , także: raia

Townspeople, villagers and farmers formed a lower class called the rayah.

Before the ceremony, gendang rayah (ritual music) is performed.

The word is sometimes translated as 'cattle' rather than 'flock' or 'subjects' to emphasize the inferior status of the rayah.

Her love of writing and producing prompted Rayah to start her own production company called Purple Effect.

Some taxes on Muslims and orthodox Vlachs were also lighter than those on other rayah.

Al Rayah Qatari newspaper.

The term originated from rayah, a generic name for the non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire.

The social structure also began to fragment; instead of the former equality of all Cossacks, many fishing, tradesmen and landowners became the Rayah.

The kapucu displayed Hangerli's head for all witnesses to see, stating: "Here is the dog that ate away the sultan's rayah".

He is mostly remembered for his song "Ya Rayah" which has since been made famous again by Rachid Taha.

For instance, the indigenous Christian population of Balkans (known as "rayah" or "protected flock") lived under the Ottoman Kanun-i-Rayah.

The majority of Greeks were called Rayah by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of non-Muslim subjects in the Ottoman ruling class.

She and King Hussein have two sons, Hamzeh and Hashem, and two daughters, Iman and Rayah.

The rayah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (i.e. taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class.

In the early Ottoman Empire, rayah were not eligible for military service, but starting in the late 16th century, Muslim rayah became eligible, to the distress of some of the ruling class.

Robber is a title that refers to a flock of people who operate Rayah forcibly plundered victims with torture and murder, while the plaster refers to the notion robber but its limited number of people / little (Suhartono, 1995).

Born in Dar es Salaam Tanzania, Rayah Kitule was reared by her single mother in Mikocheni where she "began her broadcasting and writing career" by learning to read aloud and perform recitations at the age of ten.

Rayah Kitule is a Tanzanian author and editor of numerous monthly magazines including Fab Sugar, and East African Women and Business Entrepreneurs, Rayah Kitule has done numerous writing assignments in Tanzania and abroad.

The Ottoman Empire at the time was centered on militaristic expansion independent of religion, and the primary split was not between Muslims and nonbelievers but between the military-administrative class (the Ottomans) and various classes of serfs (known as rayah), neither of which was exclusive to any particular faith.

After the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria in the 14th century, Lyaskovets, together with the neighbouring villages of Gorna Oryahovitsa, Dolna Oryahovitsa and Arbanasi, was formally regarded as autonomous (i.e. not part of the rayah) according to a 1538 decree of Selim II.