protonema

Stems arise from buds that develop on the protonema surface.

As stems grow, they develop their own rhizoids and become independent of the protonema.

Rhizoids grow down from the protonema and penetrate the substrate.

The tip continues to divide new cells, which produces a thalloid protonema.

As a result of fertilization a protonema is formed from which the sexual plant is developed.

In either case, the protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a hornwort.

From the protonema grows the adult gametophyte, which is the persistent and independent stage in the life cycle.

The protonema is also the photosynthetic part of a germinating fern spore.

He directly observed the germination of spores and formation of the protonema.

The initial phase of growth leads to a filament of cells (called the protonema).

After fertilisation, the zygote becomes a protonema and this in turn develops into a new thallus.

Vegetative reproduction takes place by tubers, amylum stars and secondary protonema.

Moss spores germinate to form an alga-like filamentous structure called the protonema.

The germ tube develops into the hypha, protonema or thallus of the gametophyte.

A germinated spore develops into a protonema (a branched, threadlike structure).

Instead, they regenerate directly into the filamentous protonema mimicking a germinating moss spore.

When a moss first grows from the spore, it grows as a protonema which develops into a leafy gametophore.

The moss life-cycle starts with a haploid spore that germinates to produce a protonema (pl.

To ensure a maximum growth rate, the moss is kept at the protonema stage by continuous mechanical disruption, e.g. by using rotating blades.

An early developmental stage in the gametophyte of mosses (immediately following germination of the meiospore) is called the protonema.

Knop agar is used to culture axenically protonema and whole moss plants, e.g., those of Physcomitrella patens, a model organism.

It is the adult form of the haploid gametophyte and develops from the juvenile form, the protonema, under the influence of phytohormones (mainly cytokinins).

The spore germinates to produce a protonema ('pl.' protonemata), which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like).

A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle.