protocooperation

A further example of protocooperation is the connection between ants and aphids.

The flowers of plants that are pollinated by insects and birds benefit from protocooperation.

He is best known for his research on animal behavior, protocooperation, and for identifying the Allee effect.

It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival is possible in the absence of the interaction.

An example of protocooperation happens between soil bacteria or fungi, and the plants that occur growing in the soil.